In 1958 on St. Ninian's Isle, Shetland Island, a schoolboy participating in archaeological excavations found an ancient 8th century medieval Pictish hoard in a wooden box. They noted collections of beads apparently related- however analysis revealed the origin and age.

By careful analysis- appearance of the beads, how they were made, surface analysis:type of glass, ingredients & color, and comparison with other similar beads, (and more) they were able to place a date range of 1600's to 1800's.

1st link a Blog from National Museums Scotland on Pictish Site, then 2nd link is a larger discussion on identifying Beads found in Scotland.

https://blog.nms.ac.uk/2016/12/01/glenmorangie-research-project-when-are-glass-beads-from-a-pictish-site-not-pictish/

"Seventh century or seventeenth century? Identifying glass beads from Scotland. Alice Blackwell and Susanna Kirk"

https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/psas/vol_145/16PSAS145371_399.pdf

I found that one of my first posts (8/08/2015) to BCN was asking about Tong Molds and Marvered beads. I posted some of my Old Beads that look similar to some of the furnace mandrel wound & marvered beads found in Scotland and shown in some of the photos (found many other places, including North America).
Among other things I've learned the difference between Furnace Wound glass and Lamp Wound glass beads, and that some Old beads that are called Dutch may actually be German instead... The list of amendments to my previous bead information and beliefs is ongoing..!
It has been a great and fun learning journey for me thanks to the BCN Folks!
Obviously the relatively new area of Bead Research is vital in dispelling previously erroneous information and getting that amended information into print and general discussion and understanding. There are several Bead Research and bead related publications of note:

The Center for Bead Research, Peter Francis Jr.(deceased 2002):
http://www.thebeadsite.com/

The Society of Bead Researchers (1989), Karlis Karklins Editor, et al:
https://www.beadresearch.org/about-us/

Picard Bead Museum and Publications on Trade Beads:
http://www.picardbeads.com/pubs.html

Ornament Magazine (the Art and Craft of Personal Adornment)-Robert K. Liu & Carolyn Benesh. Great at blending Textile, Personal Adornment & Beads; personal adornment past and present. Informative Old Bead and Ethnic Jewelry presentations, documentation as well as presentation of latest Bead & Textile research. Book by Robert K. Liu "Collectible Beads" a great reference and beautiful bead photo documentation.
https://www.ornamentmagazine.org/
https://www.amazon.com/Collectible-Beads-Universal-Aesthetic-Beadwork/dp/0964102307

The Revised "History of Beads: From 100,000 BC to Present, Revised and Expanded Edition". by Lois Sherr Dubin:
https://www.amazon.com/History-Beads-Present-Revised-Expanded/dp/0810951746/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=History+of+beads&qid=1621460602&sr=8-2

Multiple reference works, and more relatively recently published Books and Articles by BCN members and others- too numerous to list here but please do so in the comments!

PLEASE ADD to my list as this is just an initial attempt which I'm sure is sorely lacking & overlooks much important information.

Some of My old marvered Beads first Post BCN 2015. https://imgur.com/a/UiSaJ#0

Later ~ 2019 I posted some old blue-gray aspeo beads in BCN that may be similar to the only striped bead in the first photo (mid lower left). It is difficult to say since the photo is so small, but may be similar and made in a similar fashion. (I cannot find my mulberry bead pics but there are some in BCN):

I wondered if you good people could possibly give me some thoughts
on this piece I am purchasing. Would you consider this an unusual
piece in any way? It is reportedly from from Jamestown, Va. c 17th cen.

Any and all comments are welcome!

Thank you in advance,

Mary

I have recently begun to hyphenate "a-speo" for English-language speakers, who do not quickly understand that this is an Italian phrase. It sometimes happens that people will say/think "this is a speo bead"—rather than "this is an a speo bead." Using the hyphen connects the words, and hopefully makes it easier and more-accurate. In Italian, "a" means "to" or "at." A "speo" is a spit—like a barbecue spit. A long, usually iron rod (of varying dimensions, depending on where and how the work progresses), and often having a slightly tapering free end (on a heat-proof handle). So "a speo" means "at the spit." Reading the dialogues, you will see there are also two alternate terms:
"a spedo," and "a spieo."

From 2008 to 2005:
http://beadcollector.net/cgi-bin/anyboard.cgi?fvp=%2Fopenforum%2F&tK=a+speo&wT=1&yVz=yTz&aO=1&hIz=5000&hJz=4000&cmd=find&by=&xcfgfs=tK-wT-yVz-aO-hKz

https://dailybhutan.com/article/sacred-zee-stones-believed-by-some-to-be-the-discarded-jewelleries-of-demi-gods?fbclid=IwAR3dlbCcdMkAGMUuU5Nxx7y3weMYbErA5_BwZamNNMT3_RHWLV87jqdxnJE

I would love to know if they are Venetian, German, Dutch or ?, and what time Range to place them in, Also some info on how they were made, and finished, please.

1.) Who likely made them?
2.) Time Range Date of Manufacture?
3.) How were they made? (Drawn? and then what?)

I have and am acquainted with some of the earliest "Gooseberry" Beads, and realize these are probably not from that era. However they do have a special blue-grey glass color that I associate with some other early beads I have. The blue grey color can appear black unless well lit.

The white lines are covered by a surface layer of glass, though if worn enough this may not be apparent. I counted 27 white opaque lines on some, with over 30 on others, and saw sometimes gaps and some close spacing, even errors where there was distortion and lines bowed out. The lines are so close, in fact, it is difficult to count them casually.

EDIT: The "lines bowed out" I spoke of above look like those in Figure 8 "bead with distorted stripes" from Article included here (link below)-
"Beads: Journal of The Society of Bead Researchers", Vol 5, Article 6
1993
"The A Speo Method of Heat Rounding Drawn
Glass Beads and its Archaeological Manifestations
Karlis Karklins"

These appear to be drawn cane, pinched to a bead length, and then finished in some way I am unfamiliar with (I am not a glass maker). Could these be A Speo heat rounded beads?

It is striking to note that the inner core hole area of many of the beads is very irregular- even bumpy looking. I have tried to capture this in the photo album I am posting. Why would this be? Is it secondary to the finishing/heating process?

The ends, while usually well finished, can have residual Rough glass- either a blob or sharp edge that has not been removed in the finishing process, which I also show in this album.

The end stripes near the hole sometimes look as if they had been applied by hand, though this would seem impossible with the tiny size- even with the thought that drawing the cane will cause a great reduction in the size of a pattern and miniaturization. Is the tiny "dot" of "pooled" glass at the beginning/end of some of the white lines a result of being pinched?- This "dot" I associate with hand decorated beads, though this does not "make sense", obviously. See example in photo album.

Sizes typically range in the 6mm-14mm hole to hole range.

Please School Me!

Album Blue Grey "Gooseberry" Beads

Many of my reference books are still packed or in storage, so I appreciate your input, knowledge and help.

Thanks, Anne

EDIT: I want to include this as one of the Articles I read that may help in this matter:
https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=beads