A name is a label for a noun, normally used to distinguish one from another. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context.

A naming convention is an attempt to systematize names in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner.
Naming conventions are useful in many aspects of everyday life, enabling the casual user to understand larger structures.

Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers.

Labels have many uses: product identification, name tags, advertising, warnings, and other communication.

So what is - if there is one - the structure used when assigning a word to distinguish one item (bead we will call it) from another?

The purpose of having these distinctions is so we can all communicate and be in unambiguous in what we are talking about.

There will always be ambiguity because of our own interpretations which may not be coherent with the speakers meaning.

So what you are calling a "name" is what I am calling a "label" a "word used to identify or distinguish a particular object.

A dictionary, also referred to as a lexicon, wordbook, or vocabulary, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information;
Further, each word may have multiple meanings. Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order, with the oldest usage first

Just my interpretation....