The exact origins are also unknown - maybe the forum can help?

First is a strand of mixed horn and bone beads with metal "nail head" decorations. They appear to be the type used for prayer strands. Origin is possibly Afghanistan. From John Binzley, Silk Road show.

Second is a strand of small black lamp beads, African Village. I thought they were molded Czech but they are clearly lamp beads. Possibly Venetian but the stringing is on black cord that I normally associate with beads made in India. The Africans had over-wrapped the black cord with raffia at the ends. What do the bead cognoscenti think?